Many investors are unaware of the existence of the Agreement for the Promotion, Protection and Guarantee of Investments among the Member States of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (the “OIC Investment Agreement”) and its provisions regarding dispute settlement. The Organization of the Islamic Conference (the “OIC”; Arabic: منظمة التعاون الإسلامي; French: Organisation de la […]
Lost Profits in Investment Arbitration
It is common in investment arbitration that investors seek to recover the profits they claim to have lost as a consequence of one or more internationally wrongful acts perpetrated by a host State of foreign investment. Historically, in assessing damages there has been a distinction between damnum emergens (actual losses) and lucrum cessans (loss of […]
Consent to Arbitration Based on Investment Codes
In international arbitration, consent to arbitration can be expressed in different forms, including in domestic laws. While it is widely recognized that States can commit themselves by way of international treaties (or by virtue of contracts covering future disputes), States can also give their consent to arbitration based on investment codes. Due to the significant […]
Energy Charter Treaty: Current Status between EU States
The Energy Charter Treaty (“ECT”), available here, is a multilateral agreement. It was signed in December 1994 and entered into force on 16 April 1998. It created a multilateral framework for energy long-term cooperation between its members. The Energy Charter Treaty is preceded by the European Energy Charter adopted in December 1991, under which signatories […]
Bifurcation in Investment Arbitration
In investment arbitration, it is rather common for arbitral tribunals to deal with preliminary issues prior to any consideration of the merits of a case. In such scenarios, the main question is whether to asses these issues together with other matters to be ruled upon in the final award or to deal with them in […]